Home page of the tests Instructions Abbreviations References Work team Item distribution in subtopics Acknowledgements Preface from Professor Todor Nikolov About Professor Todor Nikolov

ITEM DISTRIBUTION IN SUBTOPICS                                           MAJOR SUBTOPICS Composition, structure and function of proteins Metabolism of carbohydrates Composition, structure and function of nucleic acids Metabolism of lipids Enzymes Metabolism of amino acids Bioenergetics Metabolism of nucleotides Composition, structure and function of proteins Items Amino acids - important properties for determining protein structure, functions and properties 1-11 Charge properties of amino acids 12-20, 28 Peptide bond, characteristics, polypeptide chains 21-22, 24-27 Structure of protein molecules 23, 29-49 Structure and functions of hemoglobin, myoglobin, collagen, DNA-binding proteins 50-61, 91 Methods of determination, separation and investigation of proteins 63-87 Importance of proteins 88-90 Clinical correlations 50-55, 62, 71-74, 92 Beginning Composition, structure and function of nucleic acids Items Nitrogenous bases, nucleosides and nucleotides 1-13 Synthetic analogs of bases, nucleosides and nucleotides 14-15 Polynucleotide chains - characteristics. Types of nucleic acids 16-20 Structure and functions of DNA 21-33, 41-45 Methods for investigation of nucleic acids 34-40 Organization of DNA in eukaryotes 46-61 Mitochondrial DNA 62 Structure and functions of the different types of RNA 63-78 Clinical correlations 14-15 Beginning Enzymes Items Definition 1-4 Coenzymes and prosthetic groups 5-13 Active site 14-17 Michaelis-Menten kinetics 18-21, 28-30 Specificity of enzyme action 22-25 Enzyme units 26-27 Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors 31-39 Regulation of enzyme activities 40-54 Proenzymes 55-57 Isozymes 58, 66-67 Enzyme classification 59-64 Auxiliary enzymes which facilitate protein folding 77 Clinical correlations 65-76, 78-82 Beginning Bioenergetics Items Characteristics of living organisms from thermodynamical point of view, free energy 1-4, 9-10 Redox processes, redox systems, рredox potential 5-8 High-energy bonds and compounds 11-19 Biological oxidation - characteristics and types 20-34 Oxidative phosphorylation - definition and types 35 Energy coupling at substrate level 36-49 Respiratory chain - definition, location, composition, organization 50-68 Energy coupling in the respiratory chain 69-75 Cytochrome c - a "moonlighting" protein 76 Inhibitors of electron transfer 77-78 Theory of Peter Mitchell 79-82, 86, 88 Uncoupling agents 83-87 Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation 88-89 Comparison between energy coupling at substrate level and energy coupling in the respiratory chain 90 Citric acid cycle - role in catabolism and accumulation of energy, regulation via the phosphate potential 91-96 Uncoupled oxidation 97-103 Clinical correlations 104-105 Beginning Metabolism of carbohydrates Items Glycolysis - importance, enzymes, chemical reactions, energy balance sheet 1-20 Shuttles for transfer of hydrogen 21-32, 58 Specific features of glycolysis in erythrocytes 33-36 Regulatory enzymes of glycolysis 37-39 Links between glycolysis and citric acid cycle 40 Pasteur effect 41-42 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 43-47 Why can glycolysis proceed in absence of oxygen? 49-50 Citric acid cycle - role in metabolism, enzymes, energy balance sheet 51-61 Vitamins necessary for reactions of the citric acid cycle 62-66 Regulation of the citric acid cycle via oxaloacetate 67-70 Gluconeogenesis 71-79, 84-85 Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis 80-83 Cori cycle 86 Metabolism of glycogen 87-103 Pentose phosphate pathway 104-112 Glucose 6-phosphate - a key metabolite 113 Metabolism of galactose and fructose 114-117, 125-127 Role of insulin in carbohydrate catabolism 81-82, 118-124 Amino sugars 128 Uronic acid pathway 129-131 Role of UTP 94-95, 133 Clinical correlations 46, 48, 66-67, 69, 114, 116-117, 119-126 Beginning Metabolism of lipids Items General properties, simple and complex lipids 1-3 Synthesis of fatty acids 4-27 Regulation of fatty acid synthesis 28-34, 37-40 System for elongation of fatty acids in the endoplasmic reticulum 36 Comparison of the synthesis and the oxidation of fatty acids 35, 41-43 Oxidation of fatty acids with even number of C atoms 44-57 Oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of C atoms 58-63 Essential fatty acids. Eicosanoids 64-76 Ketogenesis and ketolysis 77-83 Obesity. Role and metabolism of triacylglycerols 84-92, 95-97 Regulation of lipolysis and synthesis of triacylglycerols 93-94 Role and metabolism of glycerophosphatides and sphingophospholipids; sphingolipidoses 86, 98-108 Transport of lipids, role of different lipoproteins in pathogenesis and in prevention of atherosclerosis 74-75, 109-123 Metabolism and importance of cholesterol 124-128 Bile acids and vitamin D 129-132 Clinical correlations 38-39, 70, 74-76, 80, 84, 91-92, 104-108, 133 Beginning Metabolism of amino acids Items Oxidative deamination 1-9 Transamination, transdeamination 10-22 Decarboxylation and biogenic amines 23-29 Central role of glutamate 30-32 Detoxification of ammonia 33-46 Role of glutamine, alanine and aspartate 33-40 Urea cycle 41-46 Degradation of the carbon skeleton of amino acids 47-50 Degradation of aromatic amino acids 51-56 One-carbon units and folate derivatives 57-64 Clinical correlations 17-19, 35, 51-52, 55, 62, 64 Beginning Metabolism of nucleotides Items De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and regulation 1-11 Salvage pathway 12 Catabolism of purine nucleotides 13 Disorders in the metabolism of purine nucleotides 14-19 Central role of PRPP in metabolism of purines 20 Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides and regulation 21-27 Conversion of UMP into TMP 28, 33, 37 Common metabolites and common features in the syntheses of purines, and pyrimidines 29-30 Catabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides 31 Disorders in the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides 32, 34, 36 Synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates 35 Role of free nucleotides in metabolism 39-51 Clinical correlations 14-19, 34, 36, 38 Beginning